Shelter, given Delhi's extremes of heat and cold, is often a matter of survival. (Representational Image)
DELHI, India:
When midnight approaches in Old Delhi and a thick, freezing fog settles over the city, the quilt-wallah Farukh Khan sits on his corner, watching the market for his services come to life.
They shuffle up one by one, men desperate for sleep. The bicycle rickshaw pullers, peeling one of his 20-rupee, or 30-cent, quilts off a pile, fold their bodies into strange angles on the 4-foot seats of their vehicles. The day laborers curl their bodies on the frigid sidewalk, sometimes spooned against other men for warmth.
Those who cannot afford to pay Khan build fires, out of plastic if necessary, and crouch over them, waiting for the night to be over.
Does any city have a more stratified sleep economy than wintertime Delhi? Filmmaker Shaunak Sen, who spent two years researching the city's sleep vendors for a documentary, "Cities of Sleep," discovered a sprawling gray market that has taken shape around the city's vast unmet need for shelter. In some places, it breeds what he calls a "sleep mafia, who controls who sleeps where, for how long, and what quality of sleep."
The story of privatized sleep follows a familiar pattern in this city: After decades of uncontrolled growth, the city government's inability to provide services like health care, water, transport and security has given rise to thriving private industries, efficient enough to fulfill the needs of those who can pay.
But shelter, given Delhi's extremes of heat and cold, is often a matter of survival. The police report collecting more than 3,000 unidentifiable bodies from the streets every year, typically men whose health broke down after years living outdoors. Winter presents especially brutal choices to homeless laborers, who have no place to protect blankets from thieves in the daytime hours. Some try to hide them in the tops of trees.
The moral quandary of making this into a business is at the center of Sen's film, which had its premiere at a Mumbai film festival in November. One of his subjects, Ranjit, takes a protective attitude toward his regular "sleepers," as he calls them, allowing them to drift off to sleep watching Bollywood films for 10 rupees a night. Another, a hard-nosed businessman called Jamaal, increases his price to 50 rupees, from 30, when the temperature drops.
In one scene, when a man pleads, "Sir, I am a poor man, I'll die," Jamaal chuckles and replies: "You're not allowed to die. Even that will cost 1,250 rupees."
"Look, sleep is the most demanding master there is; no one can stop it when it has chosen to arrive," Jamaal says in the film. "We were the first to recognize the sheer economic might of sleep."
Like many of this city's businesses, sleep vendors are both highly organized and officially nonexistent. In Khan's neighborhood, four quilt vendors have divided the sidewalks and public spaces into quadrants, and when night falls, their customers arrange themselves into colonies of lumpy forms. Some have returned to the same spot every night for years.
A drunken man, his hair matted, stumbled up to Khan and begged.
"Brother, please," he pleaded, and Khan uttered a curse under his breath, then grabbed a quilt and thrust it at him.
"If I don't give him the blanket, he will freeze to death," he said.
Earlier in the week, this had happened, just a block away from Khan's spot. The morning street sweeper had tried to rouse a sleeping man from the sidewalk, but he pulled back the blanket and saw that the man's feet were stiff.
The man, who was around 35, had been stumbling around drunkenly the night before. No one knew who he was; a police officer asked some other men to go through his pockets, in hopes of finding identification, but they were empty. He covered the body with a sheet, and it lay on the sidewalk until the mortuary workers came, at sunset.
A cluster of "pavement dweller" deaths prompted India's Supreme Court to rule in 2010 that the country's large cities must provide shelter for 0.1 percent of the population. This winter, Delhi expanded its shelter system to accommodate more than 18,000, but vacancy rates are high and the number of homeless is vast - likely more than 100,000, said Ashwin Parulkar, who researches homelessness at the Delhi's Center for Policy Research.
The sleep vendors, Parulkar said, thrive where the government has failed.
"They are exploiting them," he said. "There is a slew of public policies for these people that are supposed to bypass this kind of exploitation."
Khan, who has been here for eight years, says he extends credit for regular customers to a limit of 100, or occasionally 200, rupees. (Several shivering men, who had spent through the night around a smoldering fire nearby, snorted in disbelief upon hearing this.) He considers boundaries between vendors so sacred that he will not step across them. He makes regular payments to the police and street sweepers so they do not disturb his sleepers, and maintains close relations with the local pickpockets so that he can tell them whom not to rob.
"It's hard," he said, "but what would happen if I was not here? More people would die."
He added, "I have the feeling that I am doing charity."
Among his clients are the inebriated and the insanely hopeful. Mohammad Sajid, one leg misshapen by polio, was sharing a quilt with a friend, also polio-stricken, whom he had met washing dishes at a food stall. The two men had lost their jobs two weeks earlier, and every day their store of money dwindled: 2 rupees to use public toilets, 5 rupees to bathe, 5 rupees for a half-cup of tea, 10 rupees for half a quilt.
His friend was thinking of returning to his village, at least until the cold passed, but Sajid shook his head.
"I will go back," he said. "But first I want to make something of myself."
Khan knows better. Come back in five years, he said, and half of these guys will still be here.
"Everybody here is a sad story," he said. "Why would a happy story come to sleep here?"
He poured himself a plastic cup of whiskey.
"They will get up in the morning, use the toilet, and they will be ready for work," Kahn said. "The system never finishes."
They shuffle up one by one, men desperate for sleep. The bicycle rickshaw pullers, peeling one of his 20-rupee, or 30-cent, quilts off a pile, fold their bodies into strange angles on the 4-foot seats of their vehicles. The day laborers curl their bodies on the frigid sidewalk, sometimes spooned against other men for warmth.
Those who cannot afford to pay Khan build fires, out of plastic if necessary, and crouch over them, waiting for the night to be over.
Does any city have a more stratified sleep economy than wintertime Delhi? Filmmaker Shaunak Sen, who spent two years researching the city's sleep vendors for a documentary, "Cities of Sleep," discovered a sprawling gray market that has taken shape around the city's vast unmet need for shelter. In some places, it breeds what he calls a "sleep mafia, who controls who sleeps where, for how long, and what quality of sleep."
The story of privatized sleep follows a familiar pattern in this city: After decades of uncontrolled growth, the city government's inability to provide services like health care, water, transport and security has given rise to thriving private industries, efficient enough to fulfill the needs of those who can pay.
But shelter, given Delhi's extremes of heat and cold, is often a matter of survival. The police report collecting more than 3,000 unidentifiable bodies from the streets every year, typically men whose health broke down after years living outdoors. Winter presents especially brutal choices to homeless laborers, who have no place to protect blankets from thieves in the daytime hours. Some try to hide them in the tops of trees.
The moral quandary of making this into a business is at the center of Sen's film, which had its premiere at a Mumbai film festival in November. One of his subjects, Ranjit, takes a protective attitude toward his regular "sleepers," as he calls them, allowing them to drift off to sleep watching Bollywood films for 10 rupees a night. Another, a hard-nosed businessman called Jamaal, increases his price to 50 rupees, from 30, when the temperature drops.
In one scene, when a man pleads, "Sir, I am a poor man, I'll die," Jamaal chuckles and replies: "You're not allowed to die. Even that will cost 1,250 rupees."
"Look, sleep is the most demanding master there is; no one can stop it when it has chosen to arrive," Jamaal says in the film. "We were the first to recognize the sheer economic might of sleep."
Like many of this city's businesses, sleep vendors are both highly organized and officially nonexistent. In Khan's neighborhood, four quilt vendors have divided the sidewalks and public spaces into quadrants, and when night falls, their customers arrange themselves into colonies of lumpy forms. Some have returned to the same spot every night for years.
A drunken man, his hair matted, stumbled up to Khan and begged.
"Brother, please," he pleaded, and Khan uttered a curse under his breath, then grabbed a quilt and thrust it at him.
"If I don't give him the blanket, he will freeze to death," he said.
Earlier in the week, this had happened, just a block away from Khan's spot. The morning street sweeper had tried to rouse a sleeping man from the sidewalk, but he pulled back the blanket and saw that the man's feet were stiff.
The man, who was around 35, had been stumbling around drunkenly the night before. No one knew who he was; a police officer asked some other men to go through his pockets, in hopes of finding identification, but they were empty. He covered the body with a sheet, and it lay on the sidewalk until the mortuary workers came, at sunset.
A cluster of "pavement dweller" deaths prompted India's Supreme Court to rule in 2010 that the country's large cities must provide shelter for 0.1 percent of the population. This winter, Delhi expanded its shelter system to accommodate more than 18,000, but vacancy rates are high and the number of homeless is vast - likely more than 100,000, said Ashwin Parulkar, who researches homelessness at the Delhi's Center for Policy Research.
The sleep vendors, Parulkar said, thrive where the government has failed.
"They are exploiting them," he said. "There is a slew of public policies for these people that are supposed to bypass this kind of exploitation."
Khan, who has been here for eight years, says he extends credit for regular customers to a limit of 100, or occasionally 200, rupees. (Several shivering men, who had spent through the night around a smoldering fire nearby, snorted in disbelief upon hearing this.) He considers boundaries between vendors so sacred that he will not step across them. He makes regular payments to the police and street sweepers so they do not disturb his sleepers, and maintains close relations with the local pickpockets so that he can tell them whom not to rob.
"It's hard," he said, "but what would happen if I was not here? More people would die."
He added, "I have the feeling that I am doing charity."
Among his clients are the inebriated and the insanely hopeful. Mohammad Sajid, one leg misshapen by polio, was sharing a quilt with a friend, also polio-stricken, whom he had met washing dishes at a food stall. The two men had lost their jobs two weeks earlier, and every day their store of money dwindled: 2 rupees to use public toilets, 5 rupees to bathe, 5 rupees for a half-cup of tea, 10 rupees for half a quilt.
His friend was thinking of returning to his village, at least until the cold passed, but Sajid shook his head.
"I will go back," he said. "But first I want to make something of myself."
Khan knows better. Come back in five years, he said, and half of these guys will still be here.
"Everybody here is a sad story," he said. "Why would a happy story come to sleep here?"
He poured himself a plastic cup of whiskey.
"They will get up in the morning, use the toilet, and they will be ready for work," Kahn said. "The system never finishes."
© 2016, The New York Times News Service
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