Musical activities were able to enhance various cognitive skills, such as working memory, executive functions, and orientation, and alleviate depression compared to standard care.
Caregiver-implemented musical leisure activities, particularly singing, are cognitively and emotionally beneficial especially in the early stages of dementia, a new study has found.
Researchers at the University of Helsinki in Finland recruited 89 pairs of persons with mild to moderate dementia and their caregivers to a single-blind randomised controlled trial in which they received a 10-week music coaching intervention involving either regular singing or listening to familiar songs or standard care.
Previously, results showed that musical activities were able to enhance various cognitive skills, such as working memory, executive functions, and orientation, and alleviate depression compared to standard care.
In this study, the focus of the researchers was to uncover how different clinical and demographic factors influence the specific cognitive and emotional effects of the two music interventions and, thereby, determine who benefits most from music.
Looking at the backgrounds of the dementia patients, the researchers systematically evaluated the impact of dementia severity, etiology, age, care situation, and previous musical hobbies on the efficacy of the music interventions.
Singing was found to be beneficial for working memory, executive function, and orientation especially in persons with mild dementia and younger (less than 80 years) age, whereas music listening was associated with cognitive benefits only in persons with a more advanced level of dementia.
Both singing and music listening were more effective in alleviating depression especially in persons with mild, Alzheimer-type dementia.
The musical background of the persons with dementia (whether they had sung or played an instrument before) did not influence the efficacy of the music interventions.
"Our findings suggest that musical leisure activities could be easily applied and widely used in dementia care and rehabilitation. Especially stimulating and engaging activities, such as singing, seem to be very promising for maintaining memory functioning in the early stages of dementia," said Teppo Sarkamo from the University of Helsinki.
The findings were published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.