Microscope image showing a human cell (pink) heavily infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus particles.
Researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) have found rare, naturally occurring T cells that are capable of targeting a protein found in SARS-CoV-2 and a range of other Coronaviruses.
The findings suggested that a component of this protein, called viral polymerase, could potentially be added to COVID-19 vaccines to create a longer-lasting immune response and increase protection against new variants of the virus.
Most COVID-19 vaccines use a part of the spike protein found on the surface of the virus to prompt the immune system to produce antibodies. However, newer variants - such as Delta and Omicron - carry mutations to the spike protein, which can make them less recognisable to the immune cells and antibodies stimulated by vaccination. Researchers said that a new generation of vaccines will likely be needed to create a more robust and wide-ranging immune response capable of beating back current variants and those that may arise in the future.
One way to accomplish this was by adding a fragment of a different viral protein to vaccines - one that is less prone to mutations than the spike protein and that will activate the immune system's T cells. T cells are equipped with molecular receptors on their surfaces that recognise foreign protein fragments called antigens. When a T cell encountered an antigen its receptor recognised, it self-replicated and produced additional immune cells, some of which target and kill infected cells immediately and others which remain in the body for decades to fight that same infection should it ever return.
The researchers focused on the viral polymerase protein, which is found not only in SARS-CoV-2 but in other Coronaviruses, including those that cause SARS, MERS, and the common cold. Viral polymerases serve as engines that Coronaviruses use to make copies of themselves, enabling infection to spread. Unlike the spike protein, viral polymerases are unlikely to change or mutate, even as viruses evolve.
To determine whether or not the human immune system has T cell receptors capable of recognising viral polymerase, the researchers exposed blood samples from healthy human donors (collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic) to the viral polymerase antigen. They found that certain T cell receptors did, in fact, recognise the polymerase. They then used a method they developed called CLInt-Seq to genetically sequence these receptors. Next, the researchers engineered T cells to carry these polymerase-targeting receptors, which enabled them to study the receptors' ability to recognise and kill SARS-CoV-2 and other Coronaviruses.
More than 5 million people have died from COVID-19 worldwide. Current vaccines provide significant protection against severe disease, but as new, potentially more contagious variants emerge, researchers recognised that vaccines may need to be updated - and the new UCLA findings point toward a strategy that may help increase protection and long-term immunity. The researchers are now conducting further studies to evaluate viral polymerase as a potential new vaccine component.
The researchers work at the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA. The study has been published in the 'Cell Reports Journal'.