The timing and scope of India's announcement could depend on pledges other nations make on April 22.
Top Indian government officials are debating whether to set a goal to zero out its greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century, an ambitious target that would require overhauling its coal-dependent economy.
Officials close to Prime Minister Narendra Modi are working with senior bureaucrats and foreign advisers to consider ways to meet the 2050 deadline, according to people familiar with the matter. A 2047 target is also being considered, they said, to mark the centenary of India's independence from British rule. The people asked not to be identified because the discussions are private.
India, the world's third-biggest emitter, has come under pressure to make a net-zero pledge ahead of global climate talks in Glasgow, Scotland, this year. Signatories of the Paris Agreement are expected to boost their commitments to slow global warming, and China -- the biggest polluter and a rival of India -- won international praise for setting a 2060 net-zero target in September.
The timing and scope of India's announcement could depend on pledges other nations make on April 22, when U.S. President Joe Biden is set to gather world leaders for an Earth Day summit. The event is the first such meeting Biden will host as president, and he's asked climate envoy John Kerry to secure fresh commitments from attendees.
The Prime Minister's Office, Ministry of External Affairs and Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change in New Delhi didn't immediately respond to requests seeking comment.
"Every single country has to step up ambition," Kerry told the BBC during his visit to the U.K. earlier this month. He explicitly included India while singling out "the 20 countries that are the equivalent of 81% of global emissions."
Once the U.S. adopts a widely anticipated net-zero goal, nine of the 10 largest economies will have made pledges to neutralize emissions. If India does so, too, it would mark a significant step toward the Paris Agreement aspiration of keeping average temperatures from rising more than 1.5~CHECK~C above the pre-industrial period.
There are signs that support is growing domestically for India to set a net-zero goal. Jayant Sinha, a member of parliament with Modi's Bhartiya Janata Party, said on March 12 that he had submitted a private members' bill in the parliament that would make a 2050 target legally binding.
"A Net Zero Bharat will not only lead to a more prosperous future for India, but it will also play a big role to save the world," wrote Sinha in an opinion article for the Economic Times.
On March 16, T.S. Singh Deo, a cabinet minister for the eastern state of Chhattisgarh, said the area's health sector is setting a 2050 net-zero target. "Climate change is one of the biggest challenges being faced by the world today," he wrote on Twitter. "I am pleased to make our small contribution."
Big Hurdles
Over the past decades, developing countries have contributed far less greenhouse gases to the atmosphere than nations that industrialized earlier. As of 2018, India ranked sixth among top historical polluters, after the U.S., China, Russia, Germany, the U.K. and Japan.
Even the Paris accord acknowledges this reality, noting that nations have "common but differentiated responsibilities." The clause has been used to support arguments that rich countries should cut their emissions faster, allowing poorer countries to use fossil fuels for a bit longer to help them achieve the prosperity which the West has enjoyed for decades.
"For countries such as India, the most important thing is to achieve the greatest development for the fewest additional emissions," said Navroz Dubash, a professor at the Centre for Policy Research and editor of the book "India in a Warming World." "You don't want to do what China did, which is rapidly increase emissions and then have to rapidly decrease them. You want India to figure out ways to avoid locking in high-carbon infrastructure."
Internal Debate
Some officials in the government want to see what the U.S. says about the Paris agreement goals at the April 22 meeting before making any commitment, including whether Western nations change the Paris goalposts in any way, the people said.
India's existing commitments are already relatively ambitious, with nonprofit Climate Action Tracker giving it the best rating among large economies. The country wants to expand renewable power to 450 gigawatts by 2030, almost five times existing capacity, and to cut emissions intensity by at least a third from 2005 levels by the end of the decade.
Achieving net-zero emissions would require India to set even more aggressive renewable energy targets, electrify not only its transport sector but most industrial processes, find solutions for hard-to-abate sectors like construction and agriculture, and dramatically boost commitments to reduce consumption of almost every conceivable product.
With a growing population and still-industrializing economy, a net-zero goal for India will be a much bigger lift than for most economies. "The country may not agree to any net-zero targets by 2050 without external financial support," said BloombergNEF analyst Shantanu Jaiswal.
Modi will also need to navigate potential pushback from inside his government. India's Power Ministry previously delayed a drive to cap toxic emissions from power plants, arguing the sector couldn't meet an original 2017 deadline to make improvements on discharges of pollutants like sulfur dioxide and mercury.
There is no consensus among ministries over the net-zero target, the people familiar said, with some officials arguing that India shouldn't bow to pressure given its fossil fuel use is set to rise in the coming decade.
Still, Modi has surprised his own government before with policy announcements that have had wide-ranging impact. In 2016, he shocked the nation by banning some 86% of currency notes overnight in a landmark demonetization program, while last year he gave no warning in locking down the country to stem the spread of the coronavirus.
While a net-zero goal would offer clarity on India's climate stance, it won't succeed without short-term targets, said Jonathan Elkind, a senior research scholar at Columbia University. Without clear policy routes, he said, "any long-term goal will remain elusive."
(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)