Employment is prime concern of young Indians, according to a 2016 survey
India's Gen Z, a key swing constituency in the 2019 general elections, has a simple message for politicians: more jobs, please.
As many as 130 million first-time voters -- more than the population of Japan -- will go to the polls due by May. A key issue for this electorate is Prime Minister Narendra Modi's failure to deliver on his promise of creating 10 million jobs a year -- a pledge that won him the hearts of India's youth in the 2014 election.
Yet with barely eight months to go to national polls, voters who believe job creation is PM Modi's biggest failure have risen to 29 per cent from 22 per cent in January 2018, the Mood of the Nation survey by India Today found.
"The youth will certainly be a key demographic," said Harsh Pant, professor of International Relations at King's College in London. "While the issue of jobs may hurt PM Modi in the coming elections, it is also a reality he remains hugely popular with the youth compared to any other politician."
Employment is the prime concern of young Indians, according to a 2016 survey of more than 6,100 respondents by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies and Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. When asked to nominate the most important issue facing India, 18 per cent said jobs and unemployment, about 12 per cent said economic inequality and nine per cent said corruption.
The main opposition Congress party is moving to cash in on the disenchantment over unemployment and rising social tensions.
In the absence of timely data, it's impossible to estimate the number of jobs created during PM Modi's term in government. Still, his administration is highlighting its efforts to provide youths with skill training and loans and encourage startups. Latest figures from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy shows the unemployment rate in August was 6.32 per cent -- the highest in at least a year.
'Next to impossible'
Rajat Shukla is desperate. It's been more than a year since he began searching for a job and although he's prepared to accept a position well below his qualifications, the outlook is bleak. His typical day includes scanning newspapers for vacancies, running to placement agencies and attending interviews.
"Getting a job has become next to impossible, as for each post hundreds of candidates are trying their luck," said Mr Shukla, 22, who came to Delhi after completing his Bachelor of Technology degree from a college in Uttar Pradesh. "I am desperately waiting for an improvement in employment situation. My vote will go to the party that will sincerely promise to change the current job situation."
Still, the ruling party believes young voters see "their future and the country's future," in PM Modi's government, said Harsh Sanghavi, vice president of the youth wing of the Bharatiya Janata Party. "He is the mascot of youth."
The main opposition Congress party is moving to cash in on the disenchantment over unemployment and rising social tensions.
Voter turnout in the 18-to-25 years age group was 68 per cent in 2014 -- two percentage points higher than the national average
"Young people are upset with the government over the lack of jobs, the rise of intolerance and spread of hatred. They faced the reality and now want a change," said Srinivas BV, vice president of the Indian Youth Congress. "We are approaching them even at the village level -- we are grooming young leaders to strengthen our base."
Voter turnout in the 18-to-25 years age group was 68 per cent in 2014 -- two percentage points higher than the national average, said Sanjay Kumar, director of the New Delhi-based Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, noting this was expected to remain stable in 2019.
"In 2014, PM Modi was the pull factor," Mr Kumar said. "I don't think he can make any new promises this time."
High unemployment is also seen as a one of the key factors driving rising social tensions, risking PM Modi's reputation as an investor darling. A recent incident of mob vanadalism by mostly young Hindu pilgrims in north India prompted industrialist Anand Mahindra to call it "dictatorship by mobs" that showed the "disastrous" side of the nation's demographic dividend.
"A large number of unemployed youth would indeed be a source of concern," said Pravin Krishna, a professor at Johns Hopkins University.
A glimpse into just how dire the job market is came in March, when the government announced 90,000 vacancies at the state-run Indian Railways, the nation's biggest civilian employer. A staggering 28 million people applied.
"The parties should promise us more on vocational education, skill training and employment," said Himanshee Sharma, 21, who's searching for a job after completing a degree and a management course. "We want a change -- I hope politicians understand our aspirations."