Farmers raise slogans against the government during a nationwide farmers' strike in Amritsar. (AFP)
Farmers took to the streets and blocked roads and railways across India, intensifying protests over major new farming legislation they say will benefit only big corporates.
The plight of farmers is a major political issue, with some 70 per cent of rural households depending primarily on agriculture, and thousands of farmers killing themselves in recent years because of debt and drought in the country.
The legislation passed by parliament in chaotic scenes on Sunday means that farmers no longer have to sell to state-controlled markets at fixed prices, freeing them to supply to any buyer they choose and getting rid of middlemen.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi said the legislation would achieve a "complete transformation of the agriculture sector" and empower "tens of millions of farmers", while encouraging much-needed investment and modernisation.
But critics say the changes will leave farmers at the mercy of large corporations by taking away their bargaining power.
Hundreds of farmers from Punjab and Haryana -- the biggest producers of wheat and rice -- blocked highways and railway tracks, shouting anti-government slogans today.
Images showed protesters with yellow and green flags sitting on the roadside with placards in Punjab state, where many shops and business establishments were shut.
In Karnataka, farmers stopped the entry of vehicles on the borders of Bengaluru.
Over a 100 farmer unions were taking part, although coronavirus fears were keeping some people away, Bhupinder Singh Mann, president of the All India Kisan Coordination Committee said.
"The government is trying to exploit the farmers, they don't care about us," Mr Mann said.
Eight opposition lawmakers were suspended for a week on Sunday after ugly scenes in the parliament with microphones vandalised and objects thrown.
The opposition says that PM Modi's government took advantage of coronavirus reducing parliamentary debating time, and push through the three farming bills and other contentious legislation without proper scrutiny.
These included a root-and-branch reform of labour codes and an increase of oversight on foreign donations to civil society organisations including rights groups.
"This hasty lawmaking that clearly undermines human rights and the work of civil society is yet another attempt by the government to destabilise the functioning of democratic institutions in India," said Ian Seiderman from the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ).