(Dr. Shashi Tharoor is a two-time MP from Thiruvananthapuram, the Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs, the former Union Minister of State for External Affairs and Human Resource Development and the former UN Under-Secretary-General. He has written 14 books, including, most recently, Pax Indica: India and the World of the 21st Century.)The eruption of popular outrage over the NDA government's refusal to name those Indian citizens who have stashed black money abroad is understandable: after all, every NDA leader from Narendra Modi to Baba Ramdev, and even going back to LK Advani in 2009, had made the UPA's failure to reveal the names a campaign issue. Indeed, one of the more popular campaign promises of the victorious Narendra Modi campaign in 2014 - and the most difficult to fulfill - was his commitment to "bringing back" to India "within 100 days" the billions of dollars of "black money" reputedly stashed abroad by tax evaders, corrupt officials and the like.
No one in our country disagrees that black money is a serious problem, or that the black money squirreled away abroad should be identified and brought back, if possible. Black money is particularly pernicious for a developing country like India, because it siphons resources away that could be spent for much needed investments in health, education, roads and general public welfare. There were debates on black money in each one of the first eight Lok Sabhas, but despite learned judges like Santhanam and Wanchoo heading Committees that issued voluminous Reports, the problem seems only to have got worse over the years.
Black money in India is generated by various practices: real estate transactions, diversion of Government resources from welfare programmes, kickbacks on Government contracts (especially those involving international procurement) and malpractices in international trade, especially under-invoicing.
What is the scale of the problem? Various numbers, including some fanciful ones, were flung about in the course of the political debate on the issue. One Internet and SMS allegation doing the rounds, and cited by the yoga guru and black-money crusader, Baba Ramdev, claims that it is Rs.1,456 lakh crores of black money. That would be equivalent to some 30 trillion American Dollars, whereas our entire GDP is only 1.5 trillion -- so something like 20 times our current GDP is supposed to be illegally sitting abroad! We should probably not get our economics from a yoga teacher.
The more realistic number of the ones generally cited comes from a widely-circulated report called
The Drivers and Dynamics of Illicit Financial Flows from India 1948 to 2008, published in November 2010 by the reputable US-based organization Global Financial Integrity. It concludes that since 1948, we have lost a total of 213 billion dollars in illicit money, the present value of which in today's dollars would be about 462 billion, or 20 lakh crores of rupees, which is serious money.
Even when it comes to Swiss banks, the burden of the BJP's song for some years now, official Swiss bank figures show that only 0.07 per cent of all the assets in Swiss banks are held by Indians - some $ 2.5 billion dollars out of $ 3.5 trillion held in Swiss banks by foreigners, or under Rs.10,000 crore. We are not, therefore, the country with the largest Swiss bank deposits ("more than all the other countries combined," one BJP MP had alleged while in Opposition). Even one illegal rupee in a Swiss bank is unpardonable. But the real dimensions of the problem should be understood accurately.
In any case, Swiss banks are a red-herring in the black-money debate. Swiss banks pay one per cent interest at the most; it is highly unlikely that Indians with black money are leaving it there, and far more probable that the bulk is being reinvested more profitably elsewhere, including in our own country. Why not? In India, in the last decade, housing prices have risen ten times since 2000, the Sensex has gone up six times, and Government bonds offer 8 per cent while the best terms abroad are at 3 per cent. This makes India a very attractive investment destination for Indian money, which can be routed back to the country in a practice called "round-tripping" - taking illegal money out but bringing it back as a legitimate investment, especially through investment havens like Mauritius.
In our desire to facilitate foreign investment, we have unwittingly made "round-tripping" easier through, for example, the anonymity guaranteed by participatory notes: 55 per cent of the foreign institutional investments in India in 2009-10, totalling $ 85 billion, were made through the participatory notes route. Whereas our domestic investors have to fulfill stringent 'know your customer' norms, these are much more lax for participatory notes. While we need productive investments from abroad, we must not allow them to become a contemporary equivalent of the old "voluntary disclosure schemes" under which the Government used to soak up black money.
At the same time, there are specific concerns. 40 per cent of the total FDI coming into India comes from Mauritius. We have been trying to renegotiate the tax treaty we have with Mauritius, but inevitably our strategic interests in that country will affect how far we can push its Government to accede to our demands. The fact is, however, that there is no taxation on capital gains in Mauritius, so that if an entity sets up a paper company there, our Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement becomes in fact a double non-taxation agreement for us. Our Income Tax Department had the power to examine and verify whether the resident status of a company in Mauritius was genuine or not. The NDA Government, whose leading lights are today waxing indignant on the issue, withdrew that power by Circular 789 of April 2000, under which a simple certification from the Mauritius Government is now accepted. This has rendered "round-tripping" from Mauritius much easier, because India no longer has the power to question the residential status of a company there.
It is also mildly amusing that some of the BJP leaders seem to presume that tax haven countries are just waiting to hand over information and money to us, if only our Government is tough enough to ask. The opposite is true. Whatever India can do in relation to the banks of foreign countries is subject to the domestic laws of those countries and of course of international law, including treaties to which India is a party. Under the Indo-Swiss DTA Agreement, information on Swiss bank deposits cannot be revealed by them until we provide the names of the individuals we are investigating, of the banks where they have their money, and evidence of criminality. The Swiss have made it clear they will not support "fishing expeditions" for names in their banks. In addition, we are bound to secrecy clauses; releasing names (except for prosecution) would violate our undertakings and jeopardize future co-operation.
No wonder that Switzerland is ranked number one on this year's Financial Secrecy Index compiled by the Tax Justice Network. Since 1934, breaking bank secrecy is a criminal offence in Switzerland, whereas tax evasion is not a crime under their law.
To suggest that the Government of India under the UPA has not been strong in its efforts is particularly unfair because, since the Pittsburgh G-20 Summit in 2008, India has led the push in the G-20 against banking secrecy and opaque cross-border financial dealings that protect black money. India has joined the Financial Action Task Force, and pushed the G-20 to restructure and strengthen the OECD's Global Forum on Transparency and the Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes. The Head of the Global Forum on Tax Transparency rates India "first in terms of promoting the standards, in terms of fighting tax evasion, and having the international community lining up behind it." Similar praise has come from the Director of the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration. And this was all for the much-maligned UPA government.
Many speakers in the Lok Sabha debate on black money in 2011 referred to Hasan Ali Khan, the Pune stud farm owner with billions stashed abroad. But though the case is shocking, he did get caught: his prosecution is evidence of the Government at work to pursue the holders of black money abroad. The fact is that there is a lot of domestic black money too -- notably in politics. Election campaigns are awash in black money; most candidates are reputed to spend far more than the permissible limits, and the difference has to come in unaccounted (i.e. black) money. Root and branch reform is necessary.
While it is very easy to shout slogans or clamour for political change, the real question the country's political parties need to ask is what can we do together to resolve the problem of black money. I would like to suggest a brief list: we have to tackle the problem of tax evasion, which would require cooperation with the Government on tax reform and rationalization and on financial sector reform.; we need to incentivise compliance; we have to tackle black money coming from real estate, which again requires cooperation on effective land titling, on reformed land revenue and land record systems, and the elimination of policy distortions, including rationalizing taxation, such as onerous stamp duties which promote evasion.
We have to tackle black money in education, which means removing the scarcity of good education supply in our country, which permits some colleges to take black money to provide access to good education. We need effective implementation of government-spending programmes, especially their financial management. Action to strengthen law enforcement and criminal justice will help eliminate terrorism-related funding, which also relies on black money. And we do need to tackle electoral reforms to ensure that politics does not remain a major locus of black money. The Lokpal Bill is one of several measures needed to tackle corruption effectively.
In other words, I would respectfully say to the BJP leaders who campaigned to bring the Modi government to power in the name of returning black money that it would be far better to work together to deal with the real problems facing this country. Instead of adjourning the House as the BJP repeatedly did over the issue, we need to use the House to create the policies and reforms that will enable us effectively to deal with black money here and abroad. I am sure the new Opposition stands ready to co-operate with such an endeavor.
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