Astronomers Find Jupiter-Like Cloud Bands On Closest Brown Dwarf

A team of astronomers has discovered that the closest known brown dwarf, Luhman 16A, shows signs of cloud bands similar to those seen on Jupiter and Saturn.

A team of astronomers has discovered that the closest known brown dwarf, Luhman 16A, shows signs of cloud bands similar to those seen on Jupiter and Saturn.

Brown dwarfs are objects heavier than planets but lighter than stars and typically have 13 to 80 times the mass of Jupiter.

Luhman 16A is part of a binary system containing a second brown dwarf, Luhman 16B. At a distance of 6.5 light-years, it is the third closest system to our Sun after Alpha Centauri and Barnard's Star. Both brown dwarfs weigh about 30 times as much as Jupiter.

Despite the fact that Luhman 16A and 16B have similar masses and temperatures (about 1,900deg F or 1,000deg C), and presumably formed at the same time, they show markedly different weather. Luhman 16B shows no sign of stationary cloud bands, instead of exhibiting evidence of more irregular, patchy clouds. Luhman 16B, therefore, has noticeable brightness variations as a result of its cloudy features, unlike Luhman 16A.

"Like Earth and Venus, these objects are twins with very different weather," said Julien Girard of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, a member of the discovery team.

"It can rain things like silicates or ammonia. It''s pretty awful weather, actually," Girard added.

The researchers used an instrument on the Very Large Telescope in Chile to study polarised light from the Luhman 16 system. Polarisation is a property of light that represents the direction that the light wave oscillates. Polarised sunglasses block out one direction of polarisation to reduce glare and improve contrast.

"Instead of trying to block out that glare, we are trying to measure it," explained lead author Max Millar-Blanchaer of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, California.

When light is reflected off of particles, such as cloud droplets, it can favour a certain angle of polarisation. By measuring the preferred polarisation of light from a distant system, astronomers can deduce the presence of clouds without directly resolving either brown dwarf's cloud structure.

"Even from light-years away, we can use polarisation to determine what the light encountered along its path," added Girard.

"To determine what the light encountered on its way we compared observations against models with different properties-- brown dwarf atmospheres with solid cloud decks, striped cloud bands and even brown dwarfs that are oblate due to their fast rotation. We found that only models of atmospheres with cloud bands could match our observations of Luhman 16A," explained Theodora Karalidi of the University of Central Florida in Orlando, Florida, a member of the discovery team.

The polarimetry technique is not limited to brown dwarfs. It can also be applied to exoplanets orbiting distant stars. The atmospheres of hot, gas giant exoplanets are similar to those of brown dwarfs. Although measuring a polarisation signal from exoplanets will be more challenging, due to their relative faintness and proximity to their star, the information gained from brown dwarfs can potentially inform those future studies.

NASA's upcoming James Webb Space Telescope would be able to study systems like Luhman 16 to look for signs of brightness variations in infrared light that are indicative of cloud features. NASA's Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) will be equipped with a coronagraph instrument that can conduct polarimetry and may be able to detect giant exoplanets in reflected light and eventual signs of clouds in their atmospheres.

This study has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal.

The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) is expanding the frontiers of space astronomy by hosting the science operations centre of the Hubble Space Telescope, the science and operations centre for the James Webb Space Telescope, and the science operations centre for the future Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST).

STScI also houses the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST) which is a NASA-funded project to support and provide to the astronomical community a variety of astronomical data archives and is the data repository for the Hubble, Webb, Kepler, K2, TESS missions and more.