In this July 7, 2014, photo, Lucas, 13, polishes shoes on a street in La Paz, Bolivia. While most of the rest of the world is trying to diminish child labour, Bolivia is on the verge of becoming the first nation legalise it from age 10.
El Alto:
Alicia weaves through El Alto's stalled traffic under a blazing sun, hawking colourful woven flowers to grumpy drivers and lovers.
With luck, the 12-year-old and her mother will together muster $18 by day's end, all the while keeping watch over her younger brother and sister, ages 8 and 6.
"It is difficult for my mother to sell alone because she has to look after my brothers," said Alicia, who normally goes to school in the afternoon but is using her vacation to help her mother by working the entire day. As her brothers sleep, her mother knits the flowers that Alicia sells.
While most of the world is trying to diminish child labour, Bolivia is on the verge of becoming the first nation to legalise it from age 10. Congress has approved the proposal and all that's now required is President Evo Morales' signature.
The bill's sponsors say lowering the minimum work age from 14 simply acknowledges a reality: Many poor families in Bolivia have no other choice than for their kids to work. The bill offers working children safeguards, they say.
"Child labour already exists in Bolivia and it's difficult to fight it. Rather than persecute it, we want to protect the rights and guarantee the labour security of children," said Sen. Adolfo Mendoza, one of the bill's sponsors.
Under the legislation, 10-year-olds will be able to work as long as they are under parental supervision and also attend school. It sets 12 as the minimum age for a child to work under contract. They also would have to attend school.
"To eliminate work for boys and girls would be like eliminating people's social conscience," Morales said in December in support of unionised young workers who marched on Congress to prevent it from ratifying a bottom-end work age of 14.
"The president gave us his support. He also worked as a boy, herding llamas," Rodrigo Medrano, head of the Union of Boy, Girl and Adolescent Workers, told The Associated Press. He said there is no alternative in a society where half the population is poor.
Jo Becker, the children's rights advocacy director at New York-based Human Rights Watch, disagrees.
"Bolivia's move is out of step with the rest of the world," she said. "Child labour may be seen as a short-term solution to economic hardship, but is actually a cause of poverty."
Becker said people who start work as children end up with less education and lower earnings as adults. They are then more likely to send their own children to work, perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
Bolivia should instead invest in ways to lift families out of poverty, she said. It already does in a limited way, paying a per-child subsidy of $28 a year to families whose children attend school.
Carmen Moreno, an International Labour Organisation official working to reduce child labour, said Bolivia's law contravenes a UN convention designating 14 as the minimum work age.
It also runs against the regional current. Mexico has set age 15 as the minimum and Chile age 16, Moreno said.
The UN agency says child labour is down one-third globally since 2000, with Latin America and the Caribbean together accounting now for just 13 million of the planet's estimated 168 million working children.
A 2008 study done by the ILO and Bolivian government found that 850,000 children ages 5 to 17 were working in Bolivia, roughly half in the countryside and half in the cities. Nearly nine in 10 were in the worst kinds of jobs, including sugar cane harvesting and underground mining, a proven life-shortener.
More recent statistics are lacking, but it's estimated that 1 million Bolivian children work regularly, accounting for 15 percent of the workforce. They toil in textiles, on farms and as street vendors, coca leaf pickers and porters at markets.
One in three don't attend school, studies show.
For Alicia, a childhood of play and leisure is not an option, especially since her father died two years ago. She says some days she is so tired from standing constantly that studying is difficult.
"There are days when I want to go out and have fun like those children I see go to the movie theatre, but I see the effort my mother makes and I forget about all that," she said. "How can I rest when she doesn't?"
With luck, the 12-year-old and her mother will together muster $18 by day's end, all the while keeping watch over her younger brother and sister, ages 8 and 6.
"It is difficult for my mother to sell alone because she has to look after my brothers," said Alicia, who normally goes to school in the afternoon but is using her vacation to help her mother by working the entire day. As her brothers sleep, her mother knits the flowers that Alicia sells.
While most of the world is trying to diminish child labour, Bolivia is on the verge of becoming the first nation to legalise it from age 10. Congress has approved the proposal and all that's now required is President Evo Morales' signature.
The bill's sponsors say lowering the minimum work age from 14 simply acknowledges a reality: Many poor families in Bolivia have no other choice than for their kids to work. The bill offers working children safeguards, they say.
"Child labour already exists in Bolivia and it's difficult to fight it. Rather than persecute it, we want to protect the rights and guarantee the labour security of children," said Sen. Adolfo Mendoza, one of the bill's sponsors.
Under the legislation, 10-year-olds will be able to work as long as they are under parental supervision and also attend school. It sets 12 as the minimum age for a child to work under contract. They also would have to attend school.
"To eliminate work for boys and girls would be like eliminating people's social conscience," Morales said in December in support of unionised young workers who marched on Congress to prevent it from ratifying a bottom-end work age of 14.
"The president gave us his support. He also worked as a boy, herding llamas," Rodrigo Medrano, head of the Union of Boy, Girl and Adolescent Workers, told The Associated Press. He said there is no alternative in a society where half the population is poor.
Jo Becker, the children's rights advocacy director at New York-based Human Rights Watch, disagrees.
"Bolivia's move is out of step with the rest of the world," she said. "Child labour may be seen as a short-term solution to economic hardship, but is actually a cause of poverty."
Becker said people who start work as children end up with less education and lower earnings as adults. They are then more likely to send their own children to work, perpetuating the cycle of poverty.
Bolivia should instead invest in ways to lift families out of poverty, she said. It already does in a limited way, paying a per-child subsidy of $28 a year to families whose children attend school.
Carmen Moreno, an International Labour Organisation official working to reduce child labour, said Bolivia's law contravenes a UN convention designating 14 as the minimum work age.
It also runs against the regional current. Mexico has set age 15 as the minimum and Chile age 16, Moreno said.
The UN agency says child labour is down one-third globally since 2000, with Latin America and the Caribbean together accounting now for just 13 million of the planet's estimated 168 million working children.
A 2008 study done by the ILO and Bolivian government found that 850,000 children ages 5 to 17 were working in Bolivia, roughly half in the countryside and half in the cities. Nearly nine in 10 were in the worst kinds of jobs, including sugar cane harvesting and underground mining, a proven life-shortener.
More recent statistics are lacking, but it's estimated that 1 million Bolivian children work regularly, accounting for 15 percent of the workforce. They toil in textiles, on farms and as street vendors, coca leaf pickers and porters at markets.
One in three don't attend school, studies show.
For Alicia, a childhood of play and leisure is not an option, especially since her father died two years ago. She says some days she is so tired from standing constantly that studying is difficult.
"There are days when I want to go out and have fun like those children I see go to the movie theatre, but I see the effort my mother makes and I forget about all that," she said. "How can I rest when she doesn't?"
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