China is the world's largest cigarette market.
Baoshan, China:
In the tobacco-producing heartland of China -- the world's largest cigarette market -- smoking is commonplace at work, in taxis and even in hospitals.
Snatching a break, construction worker Yao Xinggang takes deep puffs on a cigarette through a traditional-style water pipe.
He has a two-pack-a-day habit, but insists: "It's less harmful to health because the smoke is filtered through the water in the pipe."
Cheap cigarettes are a mainstay of daily life in the southwestern province of Yunnan.
"A lot of people smoke here. It's all because of the local economy. Many tobacco companies are set up here in Yunnan," said Zhang Jie, as he lit up on the doorstep of his office in Baoshan.
The tradesman bought his packet of cigarettes for 10 yuan (1.5 euros).
"It's good for the economy," he said of the tobacco industry. "It helps to boost farmers' incomes."
China has more than 300 million smokers, who consume more than a third of the world's annual cigarette production.
Among men, 52.9 percent smoke according to the latest available figures from the World Health Organization (WHO), among the highest rates in the world.
It is almost entirely a male habit, with little more than two percent of women addicted to the weed.
The Chinese state makes billions from the industry: 911 billion yuan ($146 billion) in taxes and profits in 2014, an increase of 12 percent year-on-year.
China National Tobacco Corporation, the state-owned firm that has a near-monopoly on the market, is by far the world's largest cigarette company, producing three times as many as its nearest rival, Philip Morris of the US.
It had a turnover of $170 billion in 2012 -- more than tech giant Apple.
But at the same time more than a million people a year die from tobacco-related illness in China -- roughly two a minute and a heavy social burden in a country with an ageing population and shrinking workforce.
Curbing the habit has become a burning question for Beijing.
CHOKINGLY EXPENSIVE
Raising cigarette prices has been proven to be the most reliable method to reduce consumption, and it is a cornerstone of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
This recommends that at least 70 percent of the retail price of a cigarette is made up of taxes.
According to the WHO, when Russia imposed many of its recommendations in 2013, its number of smokers fell by 17 percent in the following year.
But on current trends China will fall short of meeting its global goal to reduce smoking prevalence by 30 percent by 2025, it says.
Beijing ratified the convention in 2005, but many officials say they are concerned about the disproportionate impact on the poor, who spend a higher share of their income on tobacco.
Higher taxes imposed by the government in 2009 were absorbed by CTNC, leaving retail prices unchanged.
Experts point to the financial and health benefits that a sharp decline in smoking would bring.
According to a study published last month in The Lancet medical journal, a 50 percent increase in the price of tobacco in China would result in an additional 231 million life-years in the following five decades.
Such an increase "can be a pro-poor policy instrument that brings substantial health and financial benefits to households in China, especially concentrated among the poorest socio-economic groups", lead researcher Stephane Verguet told AFP.
AGAINST THE LAW
China's legislature last week banned tobacco advertising in mass media, in public places, public vehicles and outdoors, from September.
On June 1 an ambitious tobacco control law comes into force in Beijing, banning smoking in indoor public places, workplaces and public transport, along with outdoor locations in schools, sports centres, and women-and-children's hospitals.
Violators can be fined 200 yuan, and tobacco sales to minors online and through vending machines are also prohibited.
But the law -- limited to the capital -- is not the first such effort.
In 2011, under pressure from the WHO, China banned smoking in public spaces but implementation was lacklustre at best.
Lack of awareness remains a deep-rooted issue in a country where adverts in schools have promoted smoking to "help you to think".
Zhou Fuzhong, a retired prosecutor from Baoshan whose teeth are blackened by nicotine, said he is aware of tobacco's harmful effects, and he forbids his children from smoking.
But he added: "Of all the people that I know and in my family, no one has ever fallen sick because of tobacco.
"On the contrary, they lived for a very long time. My third uncle smoked a lot and that didn't stop him from reaching 95."
Snatching a break, construction worker Yao Xinggang takes deep puffs on a cigarette through a traditional-style water pipe.
He has a two-pack-a-day habit, but insists: "It's less harmful to health because the smoke is filtered through the water in the pipe."
Cheap cigarettes are a mainstay of daily life in the southwestern province of Yunnan.
"A lot of people smoke here. It's all because of the local economy. Many tobacco companies are set up here in Yunnan," said Zhang Jie, as he lit up on the doorstep of his office in Baoshan.
The tradesman bought his packet of cigarettes for 10 yuan (1.5 euros).
"It's good for the economy," he said of the tobacco industry. "It helps to boost farmers' incomes."
China has more than 300 million smokers, who consume more than a third of the world's annual cigarette production.
Among men, 52.9 percent smoke according to the latest available figures from the World Health Organization (WHO), among the highest rates in the world.
It is almost entirely a male habit, with little more than two percent of women addicted to the weed.
The Chinese state makes billions from the industry: 911 billion yuan ($146 billion) in taxes and profits in 2014, an increase of 12 percent year-on-year.
China National Tobacco Corporation, the state-owned firm that has a near-monopoly on the market, is by far the world's largest cigarette company, producing three times as many as its nearest rival, Philip Morris of the US.
It had a turnover of $170 billion in 2012 -- more than tech giant Apple.
But at the same time more than a million people a year die from tobacco-related illness in China -- roughly two a minute and a heavy social burden in a country with an ageing population and shrinking workforce.
Curbing the habit has become a burning question for Beijing.
CHOKINGLY EXPENSIVE
Raising cigarette prices has been proven to be the most reliable method to reduce consumption, and it is a cornerstone of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
This recommends that at least 70 percent of the retail price of a cigarette is made up of taxes.
According to the WHO, when Russia imposed many of its recommendations in 2013, its number of smokers fell by 17 percent in the following year.
But on current trends China will fall short of meeting its global goal to reduce smoking prevalence by 30 percent by 2025, it says.
Beijing ratified the convention in 2005, but many officials say they are concerned about the disproportionate impact on the poor, who spend a higher share of their income on tobacco.
Higher taxes imposed by the government in 2009 were absorbed by CTNC, leaving retail prices unchanged.
Experts point to the financial and health benefits that a sharp decline in smoking would bring.
According to a study published last month in The Lancet medical journal, a 50 percent increase in the price of tobacco in China would result in an additional 231 million life-years in the following five decades.
Such an increase "can be a pro-poor policy instrument that brings substantial health and financial benefits to households in China, especially concentrated among the poorest socio-economic groups", lead researcher Stephane Verguet told AFP.
AGAINST THE LAW
China's legislature last week banned tobacco advertising in mass media, in public places, public vehicles and outdoors, from September.
On June 1 an ambitious tobacco control law comes into force in Beijing, banning smoking in indoor public places, workplaces and public transport, along with outdoor locations in schools, sports centres, and women-and-children's hospitals.
Violators can be fined 200 yuan, and tobacco sales to minors online and through vending machines are also prohibited.
But the law -- limited to the capital -- is not the first such effort.
In 2011, under pressure from the WHO, China banned smoking in public spaces but implementation was lacklustre at best.
Lack of awareness remains a deep-rooted issue in a country where adverts in schools have promoted smoking to "help you to think".
Zhou Fuzhong, a retired prosecutor from Baoshan whose teeth are blackened by nicotine, said he is aware of tobacco's harmful effects, and he forbids his children from smoking.
But he added: "Of all the people that I know and in my family, no one has ever fallen sick because of tobacco.
"On the contrary, they lived for a very long time. My third uncle smoked a lot and that didn't stop him from reaching 95."
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