Senior US officials told impeachment investigators in Congress on Tuesday they were concerned by President Donald Trump's effort to get Ukraine to investigate a political rival, with one White House official calling it a "shock."
The third day of impeachment hearings conducted by the House of Representatives Intelligence Committee marked the first time that officials from inside the White House publicly expressed their misgivings about a freewheeling pressure campaign that now threatens Trump's presidency.
The White House's top Ukraine expert, wearing his Army dress uniform, said Trump had made an "improper" demand of Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskiy in a July 25 phone call that has become the centerpiece of the Democratic-led impeachment probe of the Republican president.
"Frankly, I couldn't believe what I was hearing. It was probably an element of shock that maybe, in certain regards, my worst fear of how our Ukrainian policy could play out was playing out," Army Lieutenant Colonel Alex Vindman said.
As he was testifying, the White House's official Twitter account attacked his judgment - undermining the same man the administration appointed to lead its European affairs brief at the National Security Council.
Two other senior White House aides, Jennifer Williams and Tim Morrison, also said during Tuesday's hearings, which spanned 11-1/2 hours, that they were concerned by the political nature of that phone call.
Williams told the hearing that Trump's call with Zelenskiy was unusual and inappropriate because "it involved discussion of what appeared to be a domestic political matter."
Morrison said he did not see anything improper in the call but was concerned that its contents could leak, hurting bipartisan support for Ukraine. "I wanted access to be restricted," he said.
During that call, Trump asked Zelenskiy to carry out two investigations that would benefit him politically, including one targeting Joe Biden, the former vice president who is a leading Democratic presidential contender to face Trump in next year's election, and his son Hunter Biden.
The other involved a debunked conspiracy theory embraced by some Trump allies that Ukraine, not Russia, interfered in the 2016 US election.
Kurt Volker, a former US envoy to Ukraine, said he believed those two concerns were "conspiracy theories." He added that allegations of corruption involving Biden and his son, who was a director of Ukrainian energy company Burisma, were "not credible."
Trump has said his call with Zelenskiy was "perfect," while Republican lawmakers criticize the impeachment process as unfair.
"What's going on is a disgrace, and it's an embarrassment to our nation," Trump told reporters on Tuesday. "It's a big scam."
Republican US Representative Francis Rooney told reporters: I don't think there's been a crime proven yet. ... But I want to see what happens. There's still a lot of water to go down this creek."
MISSED CONNECTION
Ahead of the July call, Trump had frozen $391 million in US security aid approved by Congress to help Ukraine combat Russia-backed separatists in the eastern part of the country.
Volker testified that Trump described Ukraine as "a corrupt country, full of terrible people."
"He said they 'tried to take me down,'" Volker added.
Volker said he did not know that a request to tackle corruption in Ukraine and investigate Burisma, a natural gas company, was effectively a request to investigate Biden.
"In retrospect, I should have seen that connection differently, and had I done so, I would have raised my own objections," he said.
Volker's testimony conflicted in some aspects with an earlier account he gave to lawmakers.
In closed-door testimony in October, Volker said he had not heard any references to investigations during a July 10 White House meeting between US and Ukrainian officials.
On Tuesday, he said Gordon Sondland, the US ambassador to the European Union, made a "generic" comment about investigations that everyone regarded as inappropriate.
"CHARACTER ATTACKS"
Trump has attacked both Williams and Vindman on Twitter as "Never Trump" witnesses, a term he uses to describe Republicans who oppose him.
Democratic Representative Jim Himes asked Vindman: "Lieutenant Colonel, would you call yourself a Never Trumper?"
"I'd call myself never partisan," Vindman replied.
The president's son Donald Trump Jr assailed him in a Twitter post as "a low level partisan bureaucrat and nothing more."
Vindman, whose family fled the Soviet Union four decades ago when he was 3 years old and settled in the United States, told lawmakers that "character attacks" against public servants testifying in the impeachment inquiry were "reprehensible."
A US official said Vindman and his family might be moved to a military base because of security threats.
Vindman said he was not worried that he would suffer reprisals for speaking out.
"This is a country I have served and defended, that all of my brothers have served - and here, right matters," he said, drawing applause.
The investigation could lead the House to approve formal charges against Trump - called articles of impeachment - that would be sent to the Republican-controlled Senate for a trial on whether to remove him from office. Few Republican senators have broken with Trump.
Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell said on Tuesday it was "inconceivable" that two-thirds of the Republican-controlled chamber would vote to convict Trump.
According to Reuters/Ipsos polling, 46 percent of Americans support impeachment, while 41 percent oppose it.
Last Friday's testimony attracted an average audience of 12.9 million viewers across seven US television networks that aired lived coverage, according to data from the Nielsen ratings agency, down slightly from the audience on the first day. The numbers did not include people who streamed the event on phones or computers or followed the proceedings via social media.
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