Through quiet diplomacy with Iran, US President Joe Biden's administration had strived to keep a lid on Middle East troubles. That bet came crashing down with Saturday's massive offensive by Hamas against Israel.
Iran's clerical leadership openly supports the Hamas group, who control the blockaded and impoverished Gaza Strip and hailed the sneak attack that inflicted the deadliest blow on Israel in decades.
The Biden administration has engaged in cautious talks with Iranian officials, mostly taking place out of public view in Gulf Arab states, and reached an agreement last month that freed five Americans.
While making limited headway on the key issue of Iran's nuclear program, US officials have alluded to tacit understandings with Tehran to turn down the temperature.
Jake Sullivan, Biden's national security advisor, told a September 27 event that Iranian-backed attacks in Iraq have stopped "for now" and pointed to a de facto truce in war-ravaged Yemen, where Tehran backs Huthi rebels. "The Middle East region is quieter today than it has been in two decades," Mr Sullivan said while cautioning that the situation could change and listing Iran's nuclear program and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as festering issues.
Less than two weeks later, the Hamas group launched its surprise attack against Israel, leaving US diplomats scrambling to try and contain the outbreak of violence from spreading in the region. The rival Republican Party has gone on the attack against Biden over the violence, pointing to the deal to free prisoners, which required the transfer of $6 billion in Iranian oil revenue frozen in South Korea to an account in Qatar.
There is no evidence the money went to Hamas. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said "not a single dollar" has been dispensed and that the funds are restricted to humanitarian purchases. But beyond the money, some experts said the offensive showed the limitations of Biden's approach to Iran.
"The deal with Iran was not just about prisoner release, but establishing some kind of a process that could potentially de-escalate the conflict between the two states," said Ray Takeyh, a senior fellow for Middle East studies at the Council on Foreign Relations. "I have to say, I see no indications that Iranians are actually interested in de-escalating," he said.
How much support?
Mr Blinken, speaking to NBC News, said the United States did not have "anything that shows us that Iran was directly involved in this attack, in planning it or in carrying it out." But he added Hamas "wouldn't be Hamas without the support it's had for many years from Iran."
Neomi Neumann, the former head of research for Israel's internal security agency Shin Bet, said the offensive could have been timed in part due to Iran's hopes of scuttling momentum to normalize relations between Israel and Saudi Arabia - a Sunni kingdom and rival of Tehran's Shiite clerics. Recognition by Saudi Arabia, the guardian of Islam's two holiest sites, would be a major coup for Israel.
"It is reasonable to assume that Hamas trained for many months for this attack, but it is not inconceivable that the current timing is the result of Iranian influence and even pressure," said Ms Neumann, now a visiting fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. She also pointed to threats by Hezbollah, Iran's Shiite allies in Lebanon, to launch a second front if Israeli forces enter the Gaza Strip.
While the United States historically has prioritized containing Iran's contested nuclear program, Ms Neumann said it would be a mistake to reach any agreement that "fails to address demands to end subversion in the region and support for terrorist groups." "It seems that this view is shared by Sunni governments in the region, who see the Iranian threat in the same way," she said.
Riskier to escalate?
Iran's rulers have seen Israel and the United States as arch-enemies since taking power in the 1979 Islamic revolution that toppled the Western-oriented Shah, who was Israel's main regional ally.
Israel, while embarrassed by the intelligence failure to prevent Saturday's assault, has made little secret of its ability to strike inside Iran, including through killings of nuclear scientists and cyberattacks.
Ali Vaez, who follows Iran at the International Crisis Group, which promotes peaceful resolution of conflicts, said that the de-escalation between Iran and the United States was never comprehensive. "It did not cover Iran's tensions with Israel, which are never far from the surface," he said. "But the US has very little to gain by escalating against Iran amid this Israeli-Palestinian conflict," he said.
"That would only add a perilous nuclear crisis to the existing tragic turmoil in Ukraine and the Levant as US presidential elections draw closer."
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