Letters Reveal Light On How Nelson Mandela Survived 27 Years In Prison

Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison, most of them isolated on Robben Island off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa. His encounters with visitors from the outside world were brief and strictly controlled; he spent much of his time alone, uncertain of whether he would ever emerge alive.

But a new collection of Mandela's letters from prison show how the freedom fighter who would become South Africa's first black president kept himself grounded and connected to the outside world, even as apartheid leaders tried to silence him. "The Prison Letters of Nelson Mandela," edited by South African journalist Sahm Venter, was released this month and features 255 letters from Mandela - about half of which have never been seen publicly before.

Venter, who spent nearly a decade reviewing Mandela's letters, said in an email to The Washington Post that the wisdom Mandela displayed in his letters is "particularly relevant in the world today, which is experiencing the rise of . . . racism, sexism and xenophobia."

The book reveals the personal side of South Africa's most famous man - a side Mandela was somewhat reluctant to share publicly after his imprisonment and before the publication of his memoir, "Long Walk to Freedom." While in prison, Mandela missed raising his children and burying both his mother and elder son, Thembi, who was killed in a car accident in 1969. His correspondence brings to light the efforts he made to humanize himself to prison officials as he requested special permission to attend family funerals - requests that were denied. They also offer a lens into the pain Mandela experienced in remaining isolated as he grieved for his loved ones.

"The feeling of anguish & depression that had hit me so viciously when I received the horrible news of his death returned and began to gnaw away mercilessly at my insides," he wrote to his wife, Winnie, after a visit from Thoko Mandela, his son Thembi's young widow, not long after the 24-year-old was killed.

Letters to his children also reveal how Mandela tried to be an active father from prison - often coming up short. While his daughters were young when he was arrested, Mandela addressed his family's difficulties head-on and did not shy away from explaining where he was and what his incarceration meant. His letters to various family friends expressed concern over how the children were faring, especially after the arrest of Winnie in 1969.

That year, Mandela wrote to his daughters and acknowledged that they would now lack the comforts they had come to expect from their mother. "[F]or long you may live like orphans," he wrote. The letter also revealed his deep agony over Winnie's arrest and his willingness to share that pain with his young children. "My heart bleeds as I think of her sitting in some police cell far away from home, perhaps alone and without anybody to talk to, and with nothing to read," he wrote.

In a letter to Winnie herself, he described how, in hearing she had been imprisoned, his "faculties seemed to have ceased functioning." Knowing she was free, he told her, was part of the way he was able to retain a sense of freedom and joy.

"One day we will have the privacy which will enable us to share the tender thoughts which we have kept buried in our hearts during the past eight years," he wrote. It was June 1969; Winnie Mandela would spend another 15 months or so in solitary confinement, and Mandela himself would not be released from prison until 1990.

The words Mandela sent to his family reveal remarkable patience and positivity. But Venter said one of her most unexpected discoveries was finding "detailed letters to the prison authorities in which he complained about conditions in prison."

In 1970, Mandela asked the commanding officer to reconsider his refusal to provide him with four pounds of honey each month, which Mandela claimed he needed for medical purposes. In another he requested Pond's Cold Cream for his dry skin, complaining that he was instead given Vaseline. Many of his letters to prison officials included requests for new study materials - he was pursuing a law degree from his cell. One lengthy letter from 1976 describes how he has "slept naked on a cement floor that becomes damp and cold during the rainy season" for 13 years and urgently needs pajamas, noting that white prisoners have always been provided pajamas and only black prisoners have not.

"He was not allowed to write about prison conditions or other prisoners in his letters to family and friends," Venter said. "So it is through these letters that we can today learn of exactly what it was like for him and his comrades in prison."