Washington:
A federal appeals court had ruled in his favor. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton had issued an order that paved the way for a visa. And so, on Wednesday afternoon, Tariq Ramadan stepped off a plane at Newark Liberty International Airport for his first visit to the United States since 2004, when the Bush administration barred him from entering, asserting he had contributed money to terrorist enterprises.
But for Ramadan, one of the foremost European scholars of the Islamic world, there was still one last hurdle: a closed-door session with three immigration agents, one after the other, who asked him where he planned to go, whom he planned to meet and what he planned to discuss.
Two hours after his plane from Paris landed, Ramadan, wearing a dark suit and a smile of relief, cleared customs and shook hands with two representatives of the American Civil Liberties Union, which had litigated his case, and Muna Ali, an assistant of his who lives in the United States.
The group split up into two cabs, and Ramadan, 47, boarded one with Jameel Jaffer, a representative of the civil liberties union.
If Ramadan was flustered or annoyed by the immigration stop, he did not show it. "I was expecting this," he said calmly.
In a telephone interview the night before, he said he had anticipated the moment when he would come face to face with the American government in the form of the immigration officer. His plan was to approach that encounter with "a peaceful mind."
His admission into the country, he said, was good for two reasons: "Just to clear my name," he said, 'and for the work that we're doing.
"The important thing is the substance, to be in touch with many people," he added.
In the summer of 2004, Ramadan, a Swiss citizen, was preparing to travel to the United States to become a tenured professor of religion, conflict and peace-building at the University of Notre Dame when the Bush administration revoked his visa.
The government cited a provision of the Patriot Act that allows the barring of foreigners who "use a position of prominence within any country to endorse or espouse terrorist activity. Officials eventually pointed to Ramadan's donations of about $1,300 from 1998 to 2002 to a Swiss-based charity that the Treasury Department later categorized as a terrorist organization because it gave money to Hamas, the militant Palestinian group.
Ramadan, now a professor of Islamic studies at the University of Oxford in Britain, contended that he was unaware of any links between the charity and Hamas or terrorist activities. The professor, who had visited the United States dozens of times, said he believed that the organization was involved in legitimate charitable activities.
The civil liberties union challenged the exclusion in a lawsuit filed on behalf of Ramadan and three organizations that had invited him to speak: the American Association of University Professors, the American Academy of Religion and PEN American Center. His lawyers argued that the exclusion was an illegal form of censorship, motivated by the professor's political views and criticism of American policy.
Last year, a federal appeals court in Manhattan reversed a lower court ruling that had upheld the exclusion, and in January, Clinton signed the order effectively lifting it.
His five-day visit will involve a series of meetings and public appearances, including a panel discussion Thursday night at the Cooper Union's Great Hall. He is also scheduled to speak at functions in Chicago, Detroit and Washington.
For Ramadan, the greatest difficulty of the exclusion was feeling as if his rights were being impinged. ''I knew I did nothing wrong,`` he said.
In addition, he was frustrated that he was not able to meet with Muslims and others in the United States. ''I really think that virtual communication has nothing to do with reality," he said. "I really think that if you want to work with people - activists and scholars - you have to come and share views.``
Ramadan has been a polarizing figure in the world of contemporary Islamic studies. His scholarship has argued that Muslims can be both fully Western and fully Muslim and that they need not simply choose a path of assimilation or a path of isolation. His work has focused on Europe, where his writing and lecture tapes have been embraced by many Muslim immigrants.
But he has also antagonized a wide range of critics, who have accused him of being a radical in a moderate's clothing, and of speaking in contradictions. Some have tried to draw direct links between his teachings and the Islamic radicalism espoused by his grandfather, Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, a sometimes-violent political group in Egypt. But Ramadan, who has rejected violence in the service of Islam, accuses his critics of not reading him carefully enough - or not reading him at all.
His trip closely follows the publication of the latest of his more than 25 books, "What I Believe," which is intended to lay out his philosophy in simple terms.
As the cab approached the Lincoln Tunnel, Ramadan revisited his lawsuit with Jaffer, who was the lead lawyer in the case. "Thank you so much for all that," Ramadan said.
He pause, then asked, "Do you think they will keep me for one hour or so every time I come?"
But for Ramadan, one of the foremost European scholars of the Islamic world, there was still one last hurdle: a closed-door session with three immigration agents, one after the other, who asked him where he planned to go, whom he planned to meet and what he planned to discuss.
Two hours after his plane from Paris landed, Ramadan, wearing a dark suit and a smile of relief, cleared customs and shook hands with two representatives of the American Civil Liberties Union, which had litigated his case, and Muna Ali, an assistant of his who lives in the United States.
The group split up into two cabs, and Ramadan, 47, boarded one with Jameel Jaffer, a representative of the civil liberties union.
If Ramadan was flustered or annoyed by the immigration stop, he did not show it. "I was expecting this," he said calmly.
In a telephone interview the night before, he said he had anticipated the moment when he would come face to face with the American government in the form of the immigration officer. His plan was to approach that encounter with "a peaceful mind."
His admission into the country, he said, was good for two reasons: "Just to clear my name," he said, 'and for the work that we're doing.
"The important thing is the substance, to be in touch with many people," he added.
In the summer of 2004, Ramadan, a Swiss citizen, was preparing to travel to the United States to become a tenured professor of religion, conflict and peace-building at the University of Notre Dame when the Bush administration revoked his visa.
The government cited a provision of the Patriot Act that allows the barring of foreigners who "use a position of prominence within any country to endorse or espouse terrorist activity. Officials eventually pointed to Ramadan's donations of about $1,300 from 1998 to 2002 to a Swiss-based charity that the Treasury Department later categorized as a terrorist organization because it gave money to Hamas, the militant Palestinian group.
Ramadan, now a professor of Islamic studies at the University of Oxford in Britain, contended that he was unaware of any links between the charity and Hamas or terrorist activities. The professor, who had visited the United States dozens of times, said he believed that the organization was involved in legitimate charitable activities.
The civil liberties union challenged the exclusion in a lawsuit filed on behalf of Ramadan and three organizations that had invited him to speak: the American Association of University Professors, the American Academy of Religion and PEN American Center. His lawyers argued that the exclusion was an illegal form of censorship, motivated by the professor's political views and criticism of American policy.
Last year, a federal appeals court in Manhattan reversed a lower court ruling that had upheld the exclusion, and in January, Clinton signed the order effectively lifting it.
His five-day visit will involve a series of meetings and public appearances, including a panel discussion Thursday night at the Cooper Union's Great Hall. He is also scheduled to speak at functions in Chicago, Detroit and Washington.
For Ramadan, the greatest difficulty of the exclusion was feeling as if his rights were being impinged. ''I knew I did nothing wrong,`` he said.
In addition, he was frustrated that he was not able to meet with Muslims and others in the United States. ''I really think that virtual communication has nothing to do with reality," he said. "I really think that if you want to work with people - activists and scholars - you have to come and share views.``
Ramadan has been a polarizing figure in the world of contemporary Islamic studies. His scholarship has argued that Muslims can be both fully Western and fully Muslim and that they need not simply choose a path of assimilation or a path of isolation. His work has focused on Europe, where his writing and lecture tapes have been embraced by many Muslim immigrants.
But he has also antagonized a wide range of critics, who have accused him of being a radical in a moderate's clothing, and of speaking in contradictions. Some have tried to draw direct links between his teachings and the Islamic radicalism espoused by his grandfather, Hassan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, a sometimes-violent political group in Egypt. But Ramadan, who has rejected violence in the service of Islam, accuses his critics of not reading him carefully enough - or not reading him at all.
His trip closely follows the publication of the latest of his more than 25 books, "What I Believe," which is intended to lay out his philosophy in simple terms.
As the cab approached the Lincoln Tunnel, Ramadan revisited his lawsuit with Jaffer, who was the lead lawyer in the case. "Thank you so much for all that," Ramadan said.
He pause, then asked, "Do you think they will keep me for one hour or so every time I come?"
