After 13 Years In Orbit, Cassini Spacecraft Crashes Into Saturn

Pasadena: NASA scientists just received their last-ever message from the Cassini spacecraft, which plunged into Saturn early Friday morning. Those final bits of data signal the end of one of the most successful planetary science missions in history.

The pioneering probe was the first to orbit Saturn; launched in 1997 and inserted into orbit in 2004, it revolutionized our understanding of the ringed planet. Cassini revealed the structure of Saturn's rings and, by delivering the Huygens probe to the moon Titan, executed the first landing of a spacecraft in the outer solar system. It also exposed two moons -Titan, a land of methane lakes, and Enceladus, which has jets of water streaming from its southern pole - as prime targets in the search for life beyond Earth.

After 13 years in orbit, Cassini leaves researchers with still more mysteries to ponder: they don't know the length of the Saturn day or understand the quirks of its magnetic field. And it will fall to a future mission to discover whether one of Saturn's potentially-habitable moons could truly be home to alien life.

"We've left the world informed, but still wondering," program manager Earl Maize told reporters days before Cassini's demise. "As a scientist, I couldn't ask for more."

It's precisely because of its successes that Cassini had to die. Once the spacecraft ran out of fuel, NASA would not risk letting it remain aloft, where it might be knocked into Titan or Enceladus. In April, Cassini began a series of 22 close-in orbits that took it between and behind Saturn's rings. Earlier this week, NASA flew Cassini past Titan one last time, taking advantage of the moon's gravitational pull to slingshot the spacecraft toward Saturn.

That "goodbye kiss" set Cassini on its final, fatal course. Just after 3:30 a.m. California time on Friday, Cassini entered Saturn's atmosphere, plummeting at a pace of about 77,000 miles per hour. For a few minutes, the spacecraft's thrusters fought to keep its high-gain antenna pointed toward Earth, so it could continue to send back real-time data from this uncharted territory. During those last moments, the spacecraft's instruments sampled the molecules in the planet's atmosphere - information that scientists will use to understand the planet's formation and composition.

Minutes later Cassini was vaporized, just a small flash of light streaking across an alien sky. But because Saturn is so distant, Cassini's final signals didn't reach Earth until 83 minutes after the spacecraft was gone.

That last signal was displayed as a green spike of data on a screen above mission control. The spike shrank, then flickered.

"We call loss of signal," the radio team reported.

There was utter silence at mission control. And then Maize spoke: "I'm going to call this the end of mission."

The room burst into applause.

Thanks to its scientific successes, stunning images, and the sad circumstances of its demise, Cassini is viewed with deep affection by NASA researchers and space enthusiasts alike. Many members of the Cassini team refer to the spacecraft as a "she" and they ascribe "her" human traits: curiosity, intelligence, determination, valor.

"It's like the loss of a friend," said lead scientist Linda Spilker, who has worked on the mission since its inception in the late 1980s.

The start of the grand finale in April set off a months-long period of protracted public mourning for the spacecraft. The nonprofit Planetary Society filmed a short operatic tribute to the mission. Fans on Twitter posted silly cartoons and tearful eulogies. Maize told the story of a six-year-old boy from Florida who sent a letter to JPL inviting staff to his end-of-mission party.

"It's very heartwarming," he said. "It's not science in the ivory tower. It's for humanity."

The Cassini Virtual Singers - a group of JPL employees who perform Cassini-themed parodies of popular music - rewrote the lyrics to "Seasons of Love," a ballad from the musical "Rent."

"The truths that we learned, and the things that we tried," they crooned at a meeting of the project science group this week. "The fuel that we burned. And way that she died."

Trina Ray, a senior science systems engineer Cassini and founding member of the singing group, handed out handkerchiefs to her colleagues so they could mop up their inevitable tears.

But the mood all business at mission control early Friday. Conversations about the spacecraft's status were conducted in the same serious tones the flight team has always used. The only difference was a clock displayed above one of the room's main monitor, counting down the minutes until the signal from the spacecraft was lost.

So many current and former Cassini team members have flocked to Pasadena for the end of the mission there wasn't room for them at JPL. Instead, a viewing party was arranged on the campus of nearby Caltech.

In the predawn dimness, hundreds of bleary-eyed scientists gathered to watch the live stream from mission control. Three jumbo-trons had been set up on a lawn outside the auditorium; they played a slickly-produced NASA video showing some of Cassini's greatest images. The glow of the screens and the soundtrack's dramatic drumbeat made the proceedings even more intense.

Sean Hsu, a researcher at the University of Colorado - Boulder who works on Cassini's Cosmic Dust Analyzer, flew out with his wife and two children to attend. When he explained to five-year-old Liese why they were waking up so early to celebrate a spacecraft, the little girl started to cry.

Hsu feels mournful too.

"It has been a tremendous mission to be a part of," he said. "It has been a lot of new science, a lot of new data, and suddenly it will be no more data."

With the loss of Cassini, the space around Saturn has gone dark. There are no missions in progress to return to the ringed planet.

But Cassini's revelations at Titan and Enceladus inspired NASA last year to add the moons to its call-out for proposals for the New Frontiers program - a group of medium-sized missions that currently includes the New Horizons flyby of Pluto and the Juno orbiter around Jupiter.

Spilker is co-investigator on a New Frontiers proposal to study Enceladus, a tiny body that harbors a subsurface ocean and boasts jets of water spouting from cracks in its icy surface. She called Cassini's revelations about this moon "one of the most astonishing discoveries for planetary science . . . that has really changed our thinking about where to look for life."

Spilker would like to return to Saturn and sample the Enceladus plumes for large organic molecules that could be signs of biological activity. Others have proposed similar missions to test for "biosignatures" in Titan's atmosphere.

If and when a spacecraft is sent back to Saturn, it will arrive at a place ever-so-slightly touched by humans. Because NASA chose to end Cassini's life by plunging it into the planet, "its bits and pieces are now one with Saturn itself," Spilker said. "So when I look up at Saturn in the future, I'll know . . . Cassini is there too."

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