The Vatican on Saturday said that it and China had renewed a secret and contested agreement on the appointment of Roman Catholic bishops in the communist country.
It was the second time the accord, which is still provisional, was extended for another two years since it was first reached in 2018. The latest extension had been widely expected, with Pope Francis foreseeing it in an exclusive interview with Reuters on July 2.
The deal was a bid to ease a longstanding divide across mainland China between an underground flock loyal to the pope and a state-backed official church. For the first time since the 1950s, both sides recognised the pope as supreme leader of the Catholic Church.
Critics, including Cardinal Joseph Zen, 90, the former archbishop of Hong Kong, have denounced it as a sell-out to the communist authorities. Mr Zen is currently on trial over the use of a charity fund for pro-democracy protesters and critics have accused the Vatican of not doing enough to defend him in public. Mr Zen pleaded not guilty.
The Vatican-China deal centres on cooperation over the appointment of bishops, giving the pope the final say.
Only six new bishops have been appointed since the deal was struck, which its opponents say proves it is not producing the desired effects. They also point to increasing restrictions on religious freedoms in China for Christians and other minorities.
In the July interview with Reuters, the pope acknowledged that the deal "is going slowly" but that the Church needed to take the long view in China and that an imperfect dialogue was better than no contact at all.
Pope Francis compared the deal's opponents to those who criticised Popes John XXII and Paul VI in the 1960s and 1970s over the so-called small steps policy, in which the Vatican struck sometimes uncomfortable deals with Eastern European communist nations to keep the Church alive during the Cold War and limit its persecution there.
The Vatican has insisted that the deal involves the Church structure in China and is not in itself a precursor to establishing full diplomatic relations with Beijing, which would necessitate the Holy See severing ties with Taiwan.
The Vatican is the last state in Europe to recognise Taiwan, which Beijing views as a breakaway province to be brought back to the fold, by force if necessary.
The renewal of the Vatican-Beijing deal came as China's Communist Party wrapped up its twice-a-decade congress on Saturday, approving amendments cementing President Xi Jinping's iron grip on the party.
Last month, the Vatican tried to arrange a meeting between Xi, 69, and the pope, 85, while both leaders were in Kazakhstan, but China declined.
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